Acute Anti-inflammatory Activity Research Articles

Acute Toxicity, Analgesic, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Folk Thai Herbal Medicine: Yafon Formula

Yafon (YF), a formula composed of 14 herbal constituents, has been used in folk Thai herbal medicine to treat various indications, including pain relief, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, this formula lacks adequate toxicological and efficacy data. Hence, this study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of YF in animal models. The study on acute oral toxicity was conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) number 420 guidelines. The results demonstrated that the administration of YF at a high dose of 2000 mg/kg did not result in fatality or exhibit any toxicity. The analgesic effect of YF in mice was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin test. The anti-inflammatory activity of YF was assessed in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. This investigation employed YF doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day. The study found that all YF doses reduced writhing in the acetic acid, and YF doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg/day reduced the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. In addition, all YF doses effectively suppressed paw edema in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. This study demonstrated that the YF formula showed no acute toxicity and possessed acute anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by blocking pain signals originating from the peripheral nervous system. These findings provided empirical evidence supporting the use of YF formula as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Exploring Non-Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized from Gymnema sylvestre and Cinnamon cassia Extracts for Herbal Nanomedicine

The study aimed to synthesize non-toxic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) and Cinnamon cassia (C. cassia) extracts. It also sought to develop and evaluate versatile nanomedicine formulations i.e. selenium nanoparticles of G. sylvestre and C. cassia (SeNPs), drug (lupeol) loaded SeNPs (DLSeNPs), drug-loaded and coated (PEG) SeNPs (DLCSeNPs) without side effects. The SeNPs formulations were hydrothermally synthesized, loaded with lupeol to improve efficacy, coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for targeted delivery, and characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, size distribution analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic cytotoxicity, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydzayl (DPPH), total Reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) antioxidant assays, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and histological studies were used to estimate the acute anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized SeNPs. The final form of PEGylated and drug (lupeol)-loaded selenium nanoparticles (DLCSeNPs) exhibited an average particle size ranging from 100 to 500 nm as evidenced by SEM, and Zeta potential results. These nanoparticles demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and displayed remarkable antioxidant (IC50 values 19.29) and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These results were fed into Graph-pad Prism 5 software and analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.001). All nano-formulations exhibited significant overall antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ≤ 386 (p < 0.05) as analyzed by ANOVA. The study's results suggest that G. sylvestre outperformed C. cassia in terms of reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical, potassium ferricyanide, and ammonium molybdate in respective antioxidant assays. As far as anti-inflammatory activities are concerned drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated G. sylvestre SeNPs exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory potential from all other nano-formulations including drug (lupeol)-loaded and PEG-coated C. cassia SeNPs, as exhibited to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory signals i.e. cytokines and NF-kB, making them innovative anti-inflammatory nanomedicine. The study synthesized lupeol-loaded and PEG-coated SeNPs, showcasing the potential for biocompatible, cost-effective anti-inflammatory nanomedicines. G. Sylvester's superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance than Cinnamon cassia emphasizes medicinal plant versatility.

Phytochemical characterization, in vivo and in vitro biological activities of Atriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAtriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata from Algeria is known for its traditional use for therapeutic properties. Aim of the studyWe analysed quantitatively and qualitatively the infusion and diethyl ether, n-butanol and ethereal extracts of A. lindleyi, as well as assessed their acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities. Materials and methodsThe total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay and the antinociceptive effect was evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing method. In addition, antioxidant activity was examined by three tests: DPPH, reducing power and phenanthroline assays. ResultsThe quantity of total phenols in the roots of A. lindleyi was larger than in the aerial parts, while the amounts of total flavonoids were larger in the aerial parts than in the roots. The HPLC profiles allowed us to identify 32 compounds belonging to the phenolic acid and flavonoid classes. Intraperitoneal administration of the infusions and phenolic extracts in mice did not cause any symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Results revealed that the aerial parts and roots of A. lindleyi had potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities and were higher than diclofenac and paracetamol, respectively. The diethyl ether extract (DEE) of aerial parts and roots showed the greatest antioxidant activity in comparison to the other tested extracts. ConclusionThe phenolic composition attempted to be identified by HPLC confers this plant's pharmacological potential. The antioxidant potential may be due to active ingredients, including ascorbic acid, in the two studied parts of A. lindleyi, which is a bioactive molecule with strong antioxidant properties. Also, detecting salicylic acid, the active antinociceptive ingredient of aspirin, gallic and ferulic acids may justify this subspecies' antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Acute anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia campestris and Citrus aurantium: Effects of essential oil combinations

The search for effective anti-inflammatory agents with minimal side effects using mixture of natural products extracts is an important area of research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo synergetic effects on the acute anti-inflammatory responses using binary combinations of essential oils at different volume ratios. Two plants were utilized: the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris (A.c) and the fruit peels of Citrus aurantium (C.a). The results demonstrated the existence of interesting synergistic effects for the mixture ratios C.a/A.c = 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 “v/v”. Among these, the most significant synergistic effect, particularly strong synergism, was observed for the 70/30 mixture ratio, with CI values of 0.24, 0.33, and 0.27 for doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. However, an antagonist effect was observed for the mixture ratio C.a/A.c = 90/10. The dose reduction index (DRI) analysis revealed that the dose of C.a can be reduced by 7.09-fold, and similarly, the dose of A.c can be reduced by 9.64-fold in the combination, compared to the ED50 values of each essential oil. The favorable DRI (>1) indicates a potential for dose reduction, leading to a reduction in toxicity. The findings support the potential application of these plants extracts in the management of inflammation and highlight the importance of optimizing the mixture ratios to achieve greatest synergistic effects. Moreover, these findings may have significant implications for food and pharmaceutical industries, particularly in terms of economic efficiency and reduced toxicity.

&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Acute Toxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activity of &lt;i&gt;Ferula sulcata&lt;/i&gt; Desf. from Setif, Algeria

Several works are interested in studying the undesirable therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, which must be used with great caution because they can be toxic. Under this objective falls our work, which consists in studying the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory action in vivo of the Essential Oil (EO) of the aerial part (seed) of Ferula sulcata Desf. harvested from the region of Setif in western Algeria. Two doses were applied by oral gavage (2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight). After administration of the oil, the mice were continuously monitored for 14 days. The results obtained showed that there was no mortality or morbidity whereas the animals showed toxic effects e.g., behavioral and morphological changes. On the other hand, a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in body weight was observed. In addition, an important increase was recorded in the relative organ weights compared to the controls, whereas the liver was significantly increased (**p&lt;0.05): 6.12±0.19; 6.14±0.31 in females compared to controls. Furthermore, ALT value decreased significantly (**p&lt;0.05): 6.83±2.59 in males. In addition, the oral administration of EO at the dose of 600 mg/kg showed an interesting antiinflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin. Histopathological damage was observed in the liver and kidney tissues of mice treated with EO of this plant. Hence, the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of EO of F. sulcata Desf. are considered the first data.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil of the leaves of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith. from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAmburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith is a medicinal plant with wide distribution in South America, popularly known in Brazil as "cumaru" or "amburana de cheiro". In folk medicine, in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, infusions, teas and decoctions of leaves of Amburana cearensis have their practical use for treating fever, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and inflammation pain. However, none of the ethnopharmacological properties has been scientifically evaluated using volatile compounds obtained from its leaves (essential oil). Aim of the studyThis study investigated the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from the leaves of A. cearensis. Material and methodsThe acute toxicity of the essential oil was investigated in mice. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the formalin test and, abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid, being investigated the possible mechanisms of action involved in antinociception. The acute anti-inflammatory effect was investigated through models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, yeast-induced pyrexia, and carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw inflammation. ResultsNo acute toxicity was observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg; p.o. The antinociceptive effect was statistically equal to morphine. In the formalin assay, the oil showed analgesic activity in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases, having as mechanisms the cholinergic, adenosinergic system, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP). In peritonitis, a reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β levels and leukocyte migration were observed. The antipyretic effect was statistically superior to dipyrone. The reduction in paw edema was statistically superior to the standard in both models. ConclusionThe results obtained not only support the traditional use of the species in inflammatory conditions and pain in folk medicine but also demonstrate that this is a rich source of phytocomponents such as germacrone, which can be used as a natural and sustainable therapeutic agent with industrial applications.

Chemical composition, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the curzerene type essential oil of Eugenia uniflora from Brazil

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Eugenia uniflora leaf infusion is widely used in folk medicine to treat gastroenteritis, fever, hypertension, inflammatory and diuretic diseases. Aim of the studyThis work evaluated the acute oral toxic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of the curzerene chemotype of Eugenia uniflora essential oil (EuEO). Material and methodsEuEO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antinociceptive action in mice was evaluated for the peripheral and central analgesic activity using abdominal contortion and hot plate tests (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg); xylene-induced ear swelling was carried out for the nociception test, and carrageenan-induced cell migration test. Spontaneous locomotor activity was assessed in the open field test to rule out any nonspecific sedative or muscle relaxant effects of EuEO. ResultsThe EuEO displayed a yield of 2.6 ± 0.7%. The major compounds classes were oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (57.3 ± 0.2%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (16.4 ± 2.6). The chemical constituents with the highest concentrations were curzerene (33.4 ± 8.5%), caryophyllene oxide (7.6 ± 2.8%), β-elemene (6.5 ± 1.8%), and E-caryophyllene (4.1 ± 0.3%). Oral treatment with EuEO, at doses of 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg, did not change the behavior patterns or mortality of the animals. EuEO (300 mg/kg) did not cause a reduction in the number of crossings in the open field compared to the vehicle group. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was higher in EuEO-treated groups (50 and 2000 mg/kg) when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). EuEO, at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, reduced the number of abdominal writhings by 61.66%, 38.33%, and 33.33%. EuEO did not show increased hot plate test time latency in any of the intervals analyzed. At 200 mg/kg, EuEO decreased paw licking time, with inhibition of 63.43%. In formalin-induced acute pain, EuEO decreased paw licking time at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg in the first phase, with inhibition of 30.54%, 55.02%, and 80.87%. The groups treated with EuEO at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg showed ear edema reduction of 50.26%, 55.17%, and 51.31%, respectively. Moreover, EuEO inhibited leukocyte recruitment only at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The inhibitory values of leukocyte recruitment after 4 h of carrageenan application were 4.86%, 4.93%, and 47.25% for 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of essential oil, respectively. ConclusionThe EuEO, curzerene chemotype, has significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and low acute oral toxicity. This work confirms the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory of this species as the traditional use.

Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous and Alcohol Extracts of Philippine Endemic Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous and Alcohol Extracts of Philippine Endemic Pandanus spp.

Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous and Alcohol Extracts of Philippine Endemic Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous and Alcohol Extracts of Philippine Endemic Pandanus spp.

Study on the anti-arthritic effects of Tinospora sinensis Merr.

The Tinospora sinensis Merr. was ultrasonically extracted using 80% ethanol at a temperature of 50&amp;deg;C. The resulting solution was distilled to remove the solvent under reduced pressure, yielding the extract. The extract was then dissolved in distilled water, and this solution was administered to the experimental mice. The results showed that even at the maximum allowable dose, no mice experienced mortality. The anti-inflammatory effects of Tinospora sinensis Merr. extract were tested in experiments. The results demonstrated that at a dose equivalent to 1.6 g of plant material per kilogram of body weight per day, the extract exhibited acute anti-inflammatory activity in a model of carrageenan-induced foot edema in mice, comparable to a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight per day of aspirin. Additionally, at a dose equivalent to 2.8 g of plant material per kilogram of body weight per day, the extract showed chronic anti-inflammatory effects in a model of amian-induced granuloma in white mice. These findings suggest a novel direction in using plant-derived medicines, specifically the Tinospora sinensis Merr.

Acute toxicity study of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate.

The acute anti-inflammatory activity of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate was already established earlier. The current study was aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate (GNBC) for safe therapeutic utilization in vivo. The acute toxicity study was carried out in female mice for 15days and showed no mortality and any abnormal complications. The lethal dose (LD50) was evaluated and found to be higher than 2000mg/kg. After 15days, animals were euthanized and hematological, and biochemical analyses were performed. In all hematological and biochemical assays, treated animals did not show significant toxicity when compared to the control group. The body weight, behavior, and histopathological studies showed that GNBC is nontoxic. Thereby, the results suggest that onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate GNBC can be utilized for therapeutic applications in vivo.

Molecular Docking and Study of the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Triterpene and Diarylheptanoid Isolated from Pellacalyx axillaris.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs widely used around the world for their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect, but still have many limitations due to their side effects. So, these lead to the development of a new approach to search for a new product from natural plants that have similar therapeutic effects without common side effects like gastrointestinal ulcers. The anti-inflammatory effect of β-amyrin palmitate (1) as triterpene and 1,7-bis (4- hydroxyphenyl) hept-4-en-3-one (2) as diarylheptanoid, isolated from Pellacalyx axillaris was studied by molecular docking to find the probability of binding position and binding strength of new compounds with particular Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PDB ID: 1CX2). In vivo acute anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds (1 and 2) was evaluated in rats using the egg-white induced edema model of inflammation in a dose correspondent to 3 mg/Kg of Diclofenac Sodium. The tested isolated compounds showed a high activity to inhibit the swelling in paw edema and their anti-inflammatory effect began shortly after the injection of the egg white and continued to the end of the experiment in comparison to the reference and control. The isolated compounds show a rapid onset of action and a very potent effect, this may be related to their suitable acidity and may have perfect hydrophilic -lipophilic balance. This is the first study of anti-inflammatory effect using Paw edema model and molecular docking.

Bioactive fraction of Tragia involucrata Linn leaves attenuates inflammation in Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats via inhibiting NF-κB

Tragia involucrata Linn. (T. involucrata) belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae found in the subtropical regions. Traditionally, the plant parts are used to treat inflammation, wounds and skin infection by people of the Western Ghats, India. Few studies on the acute anti-inflammatory activity of T. involucrata extracts were reported earlier. The present study aims to identify the bioactive fraction of T. involucrata and to evaluate its mechanism in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. The leaf extract was highly effective among the methanolic leaf and root extracts. The hexane (HF) and a methanolic fraction (MF) of the leaf extract of T involucrata were further identified as a bioactive fraction evaluated through protein denaturation assay. The HF and MF were further studied for their anti-inflammatory potential in a chronic inflammatory model, and their mechanism of action was explored further. Arthritis was induced by administering 0.1ml of CFA intradermally. The treatment was started the next day with HF (100 and 250mg/kg/day) and MF (100 and 250mg/kg/day), while the HF and MF alone group served as the drug control, Indomethacin-treated group served as the positive control. On the 25th day, the animals were euthanized, and their body weight, paw thickness, arthritic score, spleen and thymus weight, haematological parameters, biochemical parameters, radiographs and histopathology were analyzed. Results showed that the MF-treated animals maintained dry weight, reduced paw thickness, arthritic scores, and haematological and biological parameters compared to the HF-treated and CFA-induced arthritic rats. Both radiological and histopathological analyses of the joints revealed that the MF-treated groups restored bone architecture without any erosion and normal tissue architecture with nil signs of active inflammation. Western blot analysis revealed that MF has effectively inhibited the protein expression levels of MMP-3, MMP-9, and NF-κB in the synovial tissues compared to that of CFA-induced arthritic rats. Besides, HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, including gallic acid, rutin and Quercetin, in the MF of T. involucrata, which had shown to have potent anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, it can be emphasized that T. involucrata could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating inflammatory diseases, which needs further experimental studies to confirm its safety and efficacy.

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

Background: Inflammation is an essential biological protective response of the body which can occur due to various external and internal stimuli. Although it is an essential response, excess inflammation can be detrimental and hence it should be controlled with appropriate medication. Aims and Objectives: To assess the anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 male adult Wistar albino rats weighing approximately 150–200 g were used in the study. Acute anti-inflammatory activity was tested by employing a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. 24 rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. The study was conducted with Group I as the control group. Groups II and III received indomethacin (25 mg/kg) and 200 mg/kg of extract respectively. Group IV received extract and half dose of indomethacin (12.5 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory property was expressed in terms of percentage inhibition (PI). Statistical analysis was conducted by one-way analysis of variance, following which Tukey’s post hoc test was done for multiple comparisons. P &lt; 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant value. Results: Mean paw edema was significantly reduced in both Groups III and IV at all hours of inflammation compared to control. Group III exhibited maximum PI of 27% at 4 h and Group IV exhibited maximum PI of 49% at 6 h of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of Group IV was comparable to Group II. Conclusion: As a result of the above findings it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Aegle leaf has significant anti-inflammatory properties.

Experimental acute anti-inflammatory activity of preparations with complexed cannabidiol in carriers

Experimental acute anti-inflammatory activity of preparations with complexed cannabidiol in carriers

Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd (Sucuruba) Using the Zebrafish Model.

The species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, (T.&amp;nbsp;rhoifolia), which belongs to the Burseraceae family, is widely used in ethnopharmacological cultural practices by traditional Amazonian people for anti-inflammatory purposes, sometimes as their only therapeutic resource. Although it is used in teas, infusions, macerations and in food, the species is still unexplored in regard to its pharmacophoric potential and chemical profile. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a phytochemical characterization of the hydroethanolic extract of T. rhoifolia leaves (HELTr) and to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of this species using zebrafish (Danio rerio). The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The evaluation of the acute toxicity of the HELTr in adult zebrafish was determined using the limit test (2000 mg/kg), with behavioral and histopathological evaluations, in addition to the analysis of the anti-inflammatory potential of HELTr in carrageenan-induced abdominal edema, followed by the use of the computational method of molecular docking. The phytochemical profile of the species is chemically diverse, suggesting the presence of the fatty acids, ester, alcohol and benzoic acid classes, including propanoic acid, ethyl ester and hexadecanoic acid. In the studies of zebrafish performed according to the index of histopathological changes (IHC), the HELTr did not demonstrate toxicity in the behavioral and histopathological assessments, since the vital organs remained unchanged. Carrageenan-induced abdominal edema was significantly reduced at all HELTr doses (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) in relation to the negative control, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while the 200 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in relation to the positive control (indomethacin). With these activities being confirmed by molecular docking studies, they showed a good profile for the inhibition of the enzyme Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the interactions established at the sites of the receptors used in the docking study were similar to the controls (RCX, IMN and CEL). Therefore, the HELTr has an acceptable degree of safety for acute toxicity, defined in the analysis of behavioral changes, mortality and histopathology, with a significant anti-inflammatory action in zebrafish at all doses, which demonstrates the high pharmacophoric potential of the species. These results may direct future applications and drug development but still require further elucidation.

INOS inhibitors: Benzimidazole-coumarin derivatives to combat inflammation

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in the inflammatory processes via accelerating the production of nitric oxide (NO). The efforts to develop small molecules as selective inhibitors of iNOS are being reported across the globe. The current study explores varied benzimidazole-coumarin derivatives as anti-iNOS agents. Literature survey suggests 2-aminobenzimidazole, coumarin nucleus, and 4-atom linker as important structural components for iNOS inhibition. Target compounds were designed and synthesized by coupling 2-aminobenzimidazole with (un)substituted coumarin through different linkers. These were docked in iNOS (1QW4) and nNOS (1QW6) targets to ascertain their iNOS selectivity, and evaluated for NO and iNOS inhibitory activities in vitro. The most active inhibitors were subsequently evaluated for acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model in vivo. All compounds possessed moderate to good NO and iNOS inhibitory activities. Compounds 14a, 14b, 14d, and 14e were the most potent inhibitors in vitro. These were found to significantly reduce the inflammation. Compounds 14d and 14e have been identified as the most potent iNOS inhibitors to combat inflammation. These derivatives may serve as potential compounds as such against iNOS, or as leads for the development of novel anti-iNOS agents.

Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils of Cotula cinerea from southwest Algeria

This work deals with the biological activity of the essential oils of an Algerian plant (Cotula cinerea) which belongs to the Asteraceae family. The study was carried out in the south-west of Algeria. We chose essential oils which are natural substances thanks to their numerous anti-infectious, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, etc. The objective of this work is to study the acute toxicity as well as the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the essential oils of both organs (leaves and flowers) of Cotula cinerea. As methodological approaches, we used the hydrodistillation technique to obtain the essential oils from leaves and flowers. Thus, the acute toxicity was determined by Lorke's method and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the plantar oedema of mice induced by carrageenan. The results show that the essential oil extracts of the leaves and flowers are low toxic substances with LD50s of 1131.37 mg/kg and 1264.91 mg/kg respectively. They also show a considerable anti-inflammatory effect at doses not exceeding 300 mg/kg with maximum percentages of 86.16% for leaves and 80.87% for flowers. These results show the efficacy of the essential oils of this plant and their therapeutic richness which can be used in traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory treatment. This study has provided additional knowledge on the biological activity of Cotula cinerea essential oils and has opened perspectives for the research of the active principles contained in this species as well as the application of biotechnology to know the molecular mechanism and valorise this natural wealth.

Chemical composition and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth. from the Brazilian Amazon

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe leaf tea of Hyptis crenata has its practical use in the Brazilian Amazon for treating gastrointestinal and liver disorders, sweating induction, and as an anti-inflammatory. Aim of the studyEvaluation of the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the H. crenata essential oil. Material and methodsThe essential oil was hydrodistilled and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antinociceptive action in mice was evaluated for the peripheral and central analgesic activity (abdominal contortion and hot plate tests), and the xylene-induced ear swelling was carried out for the nociception test. ResultsOxygenated monoterpenes (53.0%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (38.9%) predominated in the H. crenata oil, being 1,8-cineo1e (35.9%), α-pinene (20.8%), camphor (10.0%), and β-pinene (7.3%) their primary constituents. The oral oil administration in the mice did not display changes in behavior patterns or animal mortality at 300 and 2000 mg/kg doses. The control group's biochemical parameters (ALP, AST, ALT) displayed a statistical difference from the treated group, unlike the renal parameters, which showed no variation between the groups. Oil reduced the abdominal contortions at doses of 100 (79.5%) and 300 mg/kg (44.4%), while with endodontacin, the dose was 5 mg/kg (75.2%). In addition, the oil could not decrease the paw licking/biting time at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg. However, it showed a significant antinociceptive effect on the second phase in the formalin test inhibiting licking time, with a reduction of 50.8% (30 mg/kg), 63.4% (100 mg/kg), 58.0% (300 mg/kg), and morphine (4 mg/kg, 78.3%). The oil administration produced significant inhibition of ear edema at all tested doses, with a better effect produced at 30 mg/kg (64.0% inhibition). ConclusionThe oil of Hyptis crenata, rich in 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, and β-pinene, totaling 74%, displayed low acute toxicity and significant anti-inflammatory activity, with peripheral and no central antinociceptive action. Thus, these results show an actual perspective on using H. crenata oil in developing a phytotherapeutic product.

Pharmacognostical Standardization, Isolation of Phytoconstituents (β-sitosterol), HPTLC Analysis of Extracts of Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Roots and Evaluation of Cytotoxic, In vitro, and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities

Abstract: Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso belongs to the family convolvulaceae. It is an important plant in the Indian conventional system of medicine, which is extensively employed by different tribes in many countries to cure edema and painful conditions like arthritis, back pain, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, liver disorders, skin disorders, and regulation of bowel functions. The roots of O. turpethum (Linn.) were subjected to physicochemical and phytochemical standardization and chromatographic separation, which was accomplished by column chromatography, TLC, and HPTLC. Further, the acute toxicity, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of Operculina turpethum roots were estimated by in vivo and in vitro models. This study includes percentage yield of extraction and organoleptic evaluation, along with the analysis of its physicochemical investigations and preliminary phytochemical estimation. The isolation of active phytoconstituents was done by column chromatography, and the isolated compound was then exposed to TLC and HPTLC analysis. Cytotoxic activity was tested by WST-1 based cell viability assay on HepG2 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract (ME) was evaluated against inflammation occur by both in vitro and in vivo methods. The methanolic extract exhibited the presence of most of the phytoconstituents out of all the extracts. The phytoconstituent phytosterol, i.e., β-sitosterol, was isolated by column chromatography, identified, and quantified by TLC and HPTLC, which was liable for anti-inflammatory activity. The amount of β- sitosterol was estimated to be 14.09 μg in a 10.00 mg fraction of MEOT. MEOT was devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino rats. It was analysed that in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of MEOT by egg albumin denaturation method exhibited an incredible decrement in turbidity and increased the percentage inhibition of albumin denaturation (60.52%) in MEOT treated group as compared with the control group. In egg albumin-induced edema in rats, MEOT at the dose of 400 mg/kg reduced the edema formation (3.03 ± 0.02) induced by egg albumin at 4th h. In cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, MEOT at the dose of 400 mg/kg displayed maximum granuloma inhibition (51.06%), which was similar to that of indomethacin. From the obtained findings, it is confirmed that O. turpethum contains β-sitosterol, which is responsible for potent anti-inflammatory activity without causing cytotoxicity to the plant. The results suggested that ME of O. turpethum roots had a high potential for application as an anti-inflammatory agent. The recognization and confirmation of the plant can be obtained from the study and will present data that is aidful in determining the quality and purity of a crude drug which further helps in preventing its adulteration.

In vivo Acute Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oils: A Review.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the search for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this sense, natural products emerge as a potential source for the discovery of new drugs, with the research of the pharmacological properties of these products being very important. In addition to its function in plants (insect attraction and repellency), essential oils present pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagenic, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we describe the mostly used in vivo acute inflammatory experimental models and the studies showing the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils. Essential oil from species from the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Burseraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae families were described as being anti-inflammatory in vivo. Five models of acute inflammation are commonly used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo: ear and paw edema, pleurisy, peritonitis and the subcutaneous air pouch model. In addition to in vivo analysis, ex vivo and in vitro experiments are carried out to study the anti-inflammatory action of essential oils. The most commonly used model was paw edema, especially due to this model being easy to perform. In order to suggest or elucidate the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect, many studies measured some inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, COX-2 expression and the levels of PGE2, and NO, or evaluated the effect of essential oils or their major compounds on inflammation response directly induced by inflammatory mediators.